Linear electric motors can drive a linear motion load without intermediate gears, screws or crank shafts. A linear synchronous motor (LSM) is a linear motor in which the mechanical motion is in synchronism with the magnetic field, i.e. the mechanical speed is the same as the speed of traveling magnetic field. In this paper, we obtained the electromagnetic thrust developed by a salient-pole LSM.

In this paper, solution of inverse problems in a plane linear elastic bodies are investigated. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to develop effective approaches for damage detection in structural components. The efforts made over the last decades to overcome the mathematical challenges encountered in non-linear inverse problems may be categorized in two procedures: traditional methods, and qualitative methods. Although satisfactory results can be obtained using traditional approaches, they impose long reconstruction times associated with necessity of an accurate initial guess. These schemes require a priori information that may not be necessarily available. Consequently, the mentioned limitations have led to the conceptually distinct class of inverse scattering solutions, known as “, qualitative methods. ”,These methods are based on non-iterative obstacle reconstruction from far-and/or near-field measurements of the scattered field which avoids incorrect model assumption. Qualitative methods may be considered as probe/sampling methods such as linear sampling method, topological sensitivity, factorization method, and point source method, which seek to determine the geometric properties of scatterers. In this regard, the LSM and the FM introduced in the inverse scattering literature of far-field acoustics for the first time, are particularly attractive. This is due to the abilities of these methods to provide accurate reconstruction of the location and shape of the unknown scatterer from measurements of near-or far-field patterns, by monitoring the behavior of the norm of regularized solution. This norm is bounded inside the targets and unbounded elsewhere. Moreover, the most interesting feature of qualitative methods is that they do not require a priori information/assumption on the scatterer and/or the investigation domain. In addition, these methods may handle multiple scatterers as easily as single ones. Furthermore, these methods involve relatively low computational cost and can be applied to various types of defects such as non-convex and not-connected ones. For this purpose, sampling method in frequency domain is introduced for cavity/crack detection in a structural element such as plate. This goal is followed by partitioning the investigated region into an arbitrary grid of sampling points, in which a linear equation is solved. The main idea of the linear sampling method is to search for a superposition of differential displacement fields which matches with a prescribed radiating solution of the homogeneous governing equation in Ω, (D), for each sampling point. Although this method has been used in the context of inverse problems such as acoustics, and electromagnetism, there is no specific attempt to apply this method to identification of crack/cavities in a structural component. This study emphasizes the implementation of the sampling method in the frequency domain using spectral finite element method. A set of numerical simulations on two-dimensional problems is presented to highlight many effective features of the proposed qualitative identification method.

Linear Sampling Method (LSM) is a simple and effective method for the shape reconstruction of unknown objects. It is also a fast and robust method to find the location of an object. This method is based on far field operator which relates the far field radiation to its associated line source in the object. There has been an extensive research on different aspects of the method. But from the experimental point of view there has been little research especially on the effect of polarization on the imaging quality of the method. In this paper, we study the effect of polarization on the quality of shape reconstruction of two dimensional targets. Some examples are illustrated to compare the effect of transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations, on the reconstruction quality of penetrable and non-penetrable objects.

For scheduling some projects that have repeatable bases as highway constructions and high rise building we have to use some special method like LOB and LSM instead of CPM. So far for resource leveling in these methods (LOB, LSM), it has been suggested various algorithms like mathematical algorithms and genetic algorithm which have many advantages in comparison with other methods. In this paper first, we explain mathematical and genetic algorithm and we examine two case study for each methods and then we make an comparison between these. At the end we study advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm in various situations.

Background and Objectives:Studying the structure of the landscape based on the principles of ecology and the spatial indicators of the landscape as its components is considered a suitable tool for mapping and quantifying the spatial characteristics of each land use. Ecological functions, the structure of the landscape, and landscape patterns have undergone unwelcome changes due to the increasing expansion of human activities. Therefore, to monitor and control these changes, quantifying and studying the landscape is important. This study aims to quantify the landscape pattern of regions with different development levels using the line intersect sampling (LIS) method to estimate the metrics of the total length of the forest edge, and the point sampling method was conducted to estimate the metric of contagion. In this regard, the preserved region of Sefidkuh and the manipulated region of Qaleh Gol in Lorestan province were considered.Materials and Methods:For this purpose, we selected two 200-hectare areas from the two mentioned regions on Google Earth images and in a GIS environment. To perform the line intersect method, 16 transects with lengths of 100 and 200 m were fitted on the study area using systematically randomized directions. For the paired point sampling method, paired points with 100 and 200 m were systematically and randomly implemented on the selected images, and then metrics were calculated. The outcomes show that in both measured transects, the total length of the forest edge in the Qaleh Gol region is greater than in the Sefidkuh region, and the numerical value of the contagion metric in the Qaleh Gol region is less than in Sefidkuh. Also, the t-student method was applied to compare the regions with different line intersect lengths and paired point lengths. Then, spatial indices were calculated. The paired t-test was also used to compare the different distances in the two regions.Results:The findings show that there is more disturbance and fragmentation in Qaleh Gol. Moreover, the results indicate that the sampling methods used in this study are a suitable alternative for more detailed vegetation cover maps. The landscape patterns can be quantified by spending less cost and time and with higher accuracy. The obtained results can be used in planning and management at different levels (local, regional, and national), especially in areas with a high rate of change. Also, in this study, it was found that sampling methods are a suitable alternative for vegetation maps with many details. The results of the total length of the forest edge are also consistent with the results of the contagion estimation, and the Qaleh Gol area, which has less contagion, has a longer total length of the forest edge, indicating more destruction and fragmentation of this area compared to the less disturbed Sefidkuh area. Among the reasons for the disturbances in the Qaleh Gol area, we canmention the presence of artificial and man-made disturbances such as numerous villages, agricultural activities, horticulture, livestock grazing, and other rural activities. These have caused the thinning of the forest cover in the area. Conclusion:Linear intercept sampling (LIS) can be used to estimate the total edge length of forests, while paired-point sampling can be used to estimate the spatial coverage index. These methods can be effective alternatives to detailed vegetation cover maps for downsizing the pattern of land cover in different regions with varying degrees of development. They can also provide a more accurate comparison of land cover patterns with lower costs and in less time.

In this study, nanofluid condensation and MHD flow analysis over an inclined and rotating plate are investigated respectively using Least Square Method (LSM) and numerical method. After presenting the governing equations and solving them by LSM, the accuracy of results is examined by the fourth order Runge-Kutta numerical method. For condensation, modeling results show that the condensate film thickness is reduced and in turn, the rate of heat transfer is enhanced by the addition of nanoparticles to the regular fluid. Effect of normalized thickness on velocity and temperature profiles reveals that increasing normalized thickness leads to an increase in f, f’ and a decrease in g,  . Effect of normalized thickness on k and s are similar to those of f’ and g, respectively.

In order to increase the accuracy of genomic best linear unbiased prediction method (GBLUP), bootstrap aggregating sampling (bagging) technique was applied. In this order a genome consisted of 10, 000 bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) over ten chromosomes, with 100 cM length each, was simulated. To generate linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs and quantitative trait loci (QTL), random mating was simulated for 100 generations between 100 individuals (50 males and 50 females). Then in generation 101 (reference population) number of individuals increased to 1000 or 2000 and their phenotypes were also simulated. Then the marker effects were estimated in this population using GBLUP method or combined this method with bagging technique (BGBLUP). By using these regression coefficients and according to the genotype markers for juvenile individuals in generations 102 to 105, called validation population which had no phenotype, genomic breeding values were predicted. According to the finding of this research, the accuracies of genomic breeding values of GBLUP method were higher than those for BGBLUP (p > 0. 05) and about the first testing set (102 generation) and regardless of QTL effects with a population of 1000 (or 2000) observations in the reference set, the range of GBLUP accuracy was 0. 339± 0. 049 (0. 412± 0. 042) for a trait with 0. 05 heritability to 0. 728± 0. 015 (0. 783± 0. 015) for a trait with 0. 65 heritability, whereas the accuracy of BGBLUP method were varied between 0. 338± 0. 047 (0. 411± 0. 042) to 0. 725± 0. 016 (0. 780± 0. 015).

Sampling rate conversion (SRC) is one of important issues in modern sampling theory. It can be realized by up-sampling, filtering, and down-sampling operations, which need large complexity. Although some efficient algorithms have been presented to do the sampling rate conversion, they all need to compute the N-point original signal to obtain the up-sampling or the down-sampling signal in the time domain. Most of the published papers about the sampling rate conversion require the signal to be band limited in the Fourier transform domain, and there are few paper published related to the SRC in the linear canonical transform (LCT) domain. This paper investigates how to perform the SRC in the discrete linear canonical transform (DLCT) domain for integer and fractional rate conversion. The simulations are performed to verify the correctness of the proposed results.

Sampling hidden populations is challenging due to the lack of convenience statistical frames. Since most populations exposed to special diseases are hidden and hard to reach, sampling methods that produce representative and efficient samples from the populations have become a study subject for researches all over the world. Because of the unknown probability of selecting samples in conventional sampling methods and also invalidity of generalizing the results of non-probability sampling methods to the statistical population, the necessity of introducing probability chain-referral sampling methods, such as the respondent driven sampling method becomes imperative. In this article, besides introducing the respondent driven sampling method, some of the advantages of this method as relative decrease of the bias of estimates, declining the non-response rate by paying incentives and allocating weights proportional to reciprocal of the social network size of respondents to produce unbiased estimates are described. Moreover, some disadvantages of this method such as lack of producing differential samples by selecting similar seeds, lack of reaching more efficient method than snowball sampling by implementing this method improperly and lack of achieving to equilibrium by existing weak social networks among members of interested population are stated. Another aim of this article is to compare sampling methods of hidden population with the respondent driven sampling method which are the results of implementing this method in different surveys and existing simulations.